Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration versus CND nutritional balance on shoot density and foliage colour of an established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf

摘要

A 3-yr field study was conducted in a loam site and a sand site to determine the effects of N, P, and K application rates on N status, shoot density and foliage colour of Kentucky bluegrass clippings and to derive critical N values. The experiment wasarranged in a completely randomized block design with four replicates and three nutrients, N (0 or 50 to 300 kg ha~(-1) yr~(-1)), P (0 or 21.8 to 87.3 kg P ha~(-1) yr~(-1)), and K (0 or 41.7 to 250 kg K ha~(-1) yr~(-1)), equally broadcast six times pergrowing season. We examined N concentration values, log-transformed N concentration values, and CND values for compositional nutrient simplexes comprising one (VN1), three (VN3), five (VN5), or 11 (VNI1) macro- and micro-nutrients. Critical values for Nexpressions were obtained from linear relationships with targeted visual shoot density and foliage colour ratings that were closely related to each other (R2 = 0.92). The highest coefficients of determination (0.975 to 0.980) were obtained with VN5 and VN11. The VN5 values were consistent with literature data and across experimental sites, and were the most successful (99% success) in diagnosing N sufficiency in 328 qualified specimens from commercial sod farms. Compared with raw concentrations, the CNDtransformation reduced from 0.6 to 0.1 the degree of inter-correlation among nutrients in principal component analysis and was amenable to a x~2 distribution of CND indices. Using a critical imbalance index (CNDr~2) of 5.6 as x~2 value, and a critical CND IN~2 index of 1.5 for a 5-nutrient simplex, we diagnosed as imbalanced 179 qualified specimens of which 110 specimens presented excessively high N level among the 328 qualified specimens in commercial stands. The proposed five-nutrient CND norms proved to be effective in diagnosing N status in Kentucky bluegrass clippings across experimental, literature, and survey data sets.