X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY - XPS A POWERFUL SURFACE ANALYSIS TOOL FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM SOLVING.

摘要

Since becoming commercially available in the late sixties XPS, also known as ESCA - Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, has evolved into a powerful surface chemical analysis tool for both research and industry with access to instruments now readily available. Its popularity is due to several attributes, namely sensitivity (~0.1 atom %), quantitativeness (< 10% relative) and the ability to provide chemical bonding information (oxidation state). It has applications in just about every facet of materials science and engineering where accurate and easily obtainable chemical information of the outermost ~10 nm is critical. With the advent of the era of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, XPS has been found to be an indispensable tool for studying surface modifications and molecular layer attachments on a range of new catalytic and biomaterials. The fundamentals of the technique and instrumentation will be presented together with a range of case studies covering both research and problem solving for industry.