Dimensional relationships of naturally established European beech trees beneath Scots pine and Silver birch canopy

摘要

Huge areas of the mid-elevation mountains of the French Massif central were abandoned by agriculture after grazing abandonment. They were colonized by pioneer trees, like Scots pine and Silver birch, that have formed monospecific stands in the space of a few years. In such stands beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), a late-sucessional species, has been established naturally.