Near-surface P-velocity modelling by integrated seismic, EM, and gravity data:examples from the Middle East

摘要

Onshore seismic data from the Middle East and around the world are adversely affected by near-surface velocity anomalies. Shallow-section velocity characterization represents a key issue for land data processing in both time and depth domains. In the Middle East, near-surface complexity can be attributed to sand dunes, wadies, sabkha environment, shallow high-velocity layers (carbonate outcrops), karsting, and fractured layers. The correct estimate of the near-suiface velocity field is fundamental to obtain reliable seismic images.