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Spiny east Mediterranean plant species flower later and in a drier season than non-spiny species

机译:东地中海多刺植物的花比非多刺植物的花更晚,更干燥

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We compared the flowering phenology of spiny and non-spiny native species belonging to three families (Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae), which include the highest number of spiny species in the flora of Israel. We found that the peak of flowering (when the highest number of species flowered) was 4-8 weeks later for spiny species than for non-spiny species. The flowering peak of non-spiny species was in late March, while that of spiny species was at the beginning of May. The seasonal shift in flowering time from the main season, when most Mediterranean plants bloom, to the end of the flowering season, when fewer species bloom, might be the evolutionary result of a change in phenology reducing the competition for pollinators. Our results clearly indicate that spinescence of plants in the semi-arid east Mediterranean region is associated with a delayed flowering season at the beginning of the dry summer when most of the herbaceous vegetation is already dry. During this season, mammalian grazers consume any edible herbaceous vegetation, selecting for late flowering species that allocate more resources for anti-herbivore defenses than early flowering species. There is a well-known global geographical trend where the occurrence of spiny plants is higher in arid regions than in humid ones. In parallel to the global trend, we show a seasonal one, that non-spiny plants grow and flower in the spring, which is the main flowering season in the Mediterranean basin, while spiny plants flower later, in the hot and dry summer. Under the current trend of global warming, there are prospects of future increase in the dominance of spiny species in the Mediterranean region.
机译:我们比较了属于三个科(菊科,豆科和唇形科)的多刺和非多刺本地物种的开花物候,这些物种包括以色列植物区系中最多的多刺物种。我们发现,多刺物种的开花高峰期(当开花物种最多时)比非多刺物种的开花高峰晚4-8周。非多刺种的开花高峰在3月下旬,而多刺种的开花高峰在5月初。从主要季节(大多数地中海植物开花)到开花季节结束(开花数量减少)的开花时间的季节变化可能是物候变化减少了授粉媒介竞争的进化结果。我们的结果清楚地表明,在半干旱的东地中海地区,大多数草本植物已经干燥,在干旱的夏季开始时,植物的花期化与开花季节的延迟有关。在这个季节中,哺乳动物的放牧者会消耗掉任何可食用的草本植物,从而选择了较晚开花的物种,后者比早期开花的物种分配更多的资源来防御草食动物。有一个众所周知的全球地理趋势,在干旱地区,多刺植物的发生率高于潮湿地区。与全球趋势并行的是,我们表现出一种季节性趋势,即非多刺植物在春季生长并开花,这是地中海盆地的主要开花季节,而多刺植物则在炎热干燥的夏季开花。在目前的全球变暖趋势下,地中海地区多刺物种的优势有可能在未来增加。

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