How common is scientific misconduct? To answer this long-standing and crucial question, different approaches have been employed, and they have produced a corresponding variety of estimates. In U.S. government investigations, scientific fraud is documented in about 1 every 100,000 researchers or 1 every 10,000 according to a different counting. Paper retractions from the PubMed library due to misconduct have a frequency of 0.02 percent, which led to speculations that between 0.02 and 0.2 percent of papers in the literature are fraudulent. Eight out of 800 papers submitted to The Journal of Cell Biology had digital images that had been improperly manipulated, suggesting a 1percent frequency. Finally, routine data audits conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration between 1977 and 1990 found deficiencies and flaws in 10-20percent of studies, and led to 2percent of clinical investigators being judged guilty of serious scientific misconduct.
展开▼
机译：科学不端行为有多普遍？为了回答这个长期存在的关键问题，已采用了不同的方法，并且得出了相应的各种估计。在美国政府的调查中，根据不同的计数，每10万名研究人员中就有1名记录了科学欺诈，每10,000名研究人员中就有1名记录了科学欺诈。因不当行为而从PubMed图书馆撤回论文的频率为0.02％，这导致人们猜测文献中有0.02％至0.2％的论文是欺诈性的。在提交给《细胞生物学杂志》的800篇论文中，有八篇的数字图像处理不当，表明频率为1％。最后，美国食品药品监督管理局（US.Food and Drug Administration）在1977年至1990年之间进行的常规数据审核发现，有10％至20％的研究存在缺陷和缺陷，并导致2％的临床研究人员被判定犯有严重的科学不当行为。
展开▼
