Liverpool University has been taking its old calorifiers (which each store up to 3,000 litres of hot water) out of service as they reach the end of their service lives. Replacement is with plate heat exchangers, usually accompanied by a 300 - 500 litre buffer vessel, supplying hot water on demand. A plate heat exchanger produces hot water at a reliable temperature on demand. The buffer vessel maintains a small supply for instant use and the system constantly recirculates the water through the system to prevent stagnation and cold-spots developing.
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