Introduction:Heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) are increasingly important chronic disease syndromes that are associated with a poor prognosis, a very poor quality of life, and among the highest healthcare costs for a single condition. Annual mortality rates in severe heart failure are approximately 60%. In the general population, where all grades of heart failure are represented, the 5-year mortality is around 42%. Where the diagnosis of heart failure is established during hospital admission, the 5-year mortality is higher, at 50-75%.
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