Occurrence of psychoactive compounds and their metabolites in groundwater downgradient of a decommissioned sewage farm in Berlin (Germany)

摘要

Purpose Psychoactive compounds-meprobamate, pyrithyl-dione, primidone, and its metabolites, phenobarbital, and phe-nylethylmalonamide-were detected in groundwater within the catchment area of a drinking water treatment plant located downgradient of a former sewage farm in Berlin, Germany. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the psychoactive compounds in anoxic groundwater and to assess the risk of drinking water contamination. Groundwater age was determined to achieve a better understanding of present hydrogeological conditions. Methods A large number of observation and production wells were sampled. Samples were analyzed using solid-phase extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Groundwater age was estimated using the helium-tritium (~3He-~3H) dating method.