Contents and sources of DDT impurities in dicofol formulations in Turkey

摘要

Background, aim, and scope Dicofol is widely used as a pesticide in agriculture applications. Since dicofol is mainly synthesized from dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT), it contains DDT as an impurity. The European Community has forced Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC to reduce DDT in dicofol formulations. Specifically, DDT content in a dicofol formulation cannot exceed 0.1 percent. The goal of this project was to determine the DDT content in dicofol formulations used in Turkey. Materials and methods Samples of all the dicofol formulations in Turkey were collected to quantify DDT and DDT-related compounds. Four replicates were used for each sample. GC/MS/MS was used to analyze p,p' and o,p' isomers of DDT, DDD, and DDE. A HPLC was used to determine p,p'-Cl-DDT concentrations. Results The total DDT content of the formulated dicofol was found between 0.3 percent and 14.3 percent. The concentration of p,p'-DDE ranged from 167 to 1,042 mg kg~(-1) in dicofol samples. p,p'-DDT concentrations were found to be 32 to 183 mg kg~(-1). The o,p'-DDT level ranged from 2 to 34 mg kg~(-1) in the dicofol formulations analyzed. Discussion It was estimated that 617.8 kg of DDT was released from dicofol. The main impurity was identified as p,p-Cl-DDT. Based on these results, dicofol serves as a continuing source of DDT contamination. Conclusions All DDT concentrations in dicofol samples analyzed were higher than the permitted 0.1 percent level of Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC. The reduction of dicofol is critical since it serves as a continual source of DDT contamination. Recommendations and perspectives DDT has been found in soil, water, and air samples. Dicofol has been identified as a contributor to continued DDT contamination in soil and water. More studies are needed to ascertain the source of DDT in the air.