Taxonomic Position of the Families Tipulidae and Limoniidae in Nematocera (Diptera) with Account of Characters of the Male Genital Skeleton and Muscles

摘要

The structure of male genital muscles was examined in Limonia tripunctata Fabricius and Dicranomyia longipennis Schummel (Limoniidae), Nephrotoma crocata Linnaeus, N. analis Meigen, Nephrotoma sp., and Tipula paludosa Meigen (Tipulidae). A comparativeanalysis of the original and published data led to the following conclusions. (1) The Tipuloidea as currently treated, i.e., comprising Tipulidae and Limoniidae, is a holophyletic taxon. This is confirmed by the autapomorphy: male genitalia in Tipulidaeand Limoniidae include muscles of the epandrial (M16) and aedeagal (M8) complexes not found in any other Nematocera and Brachycera examined. These muscles are found in all the Tipuloidea excluding Dicranomyia longipennis, where their absence is secondary. (2) Tipulidae and Limoniidae have no muscles of the ejaculatory complex M32. These muscles are present in the ground plan of Brachycera and Trichoceridae, and, therefore, Tipuloidea does not belong to the phylogenetic branch of Brachycera and Trichoceridae combined. This concept contradicts the opinion of Oosterbroeck and Courtney (1995), and Hennig (1968, 1973), but agrees with that of Wood and Borkent (1989). (3) The separate state of the families Tipulidae and Limoniidae is confirmed by charactersof the male genital structure. Tipulidae differ from Limoniidae in the absence of the tergo-sternal muscles MS (an autapomorphy of Tipulidae) and the presence of the gonocoxite-hypandrial muscles M33 (their absence in Limoniidae is an autapomorphy of this family).