Urinary cadmium and osteoporosis in U.S. Women >or= 50 years of age: NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004.

摘要

BACKGROUND: Urinary cadmium (U-Cd) has been associated with decreased peripheral bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. This association, however, has not been confirmed using femoral BMD, the international standard for diagnosing osteoporosis, at levels < 1.0 microg Cd/g creatinine. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate the statistical association between U-Cd, at levels or= 50 years of age. METHODS: We drew data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 1988-1994 (n = 3,207) and 1999-2004 (n = 1,051). Osteoporosis was indicated by hip BMD cutoffs based on the international standard and self-report of physician diagnosis. We analyzed U-Cd levels for association with osteoporosis using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Women >or= 50 years of age with U-Cd levels between 0.50 and 1.00 microg/g creatinine were at 43% greater risk for hip-BMD-defined osteoporosis, relative to those with levels or= 50 years of age.