To promote the use of monolithic refractories for steel teeming ladle linings, a new microwave drier, refractory thickness diagnosing system and gunning device were developed and adopted. The microwave drier permits the use of denser monolithic refractories having higher durabilities, whereas the refractory thickness diagnosing system permits determining the magnitude of local lining damage, efficient gunning repairs and prolonging the service life of steel teeming ladles while assuring adequate safety.
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