Iron & Steel is the second major industry in terms of energy consumption (see figure 1). Energy constitutes a significant portion of the cost of steel production, ranging from 20% to 40% depending on process, local conditions, etc. Thus, improvements in energy efficiency result in reduced production costs and thereby improved competitiveness. The iron & steel industry has already gone a long way in the direction of efficiency; sophisticated energy management systems, ensure efficient use and recovery of energy throughout the whole steelmaking process. On the environmental side, CO_2 emissions intensity (t of CO_2/t of crude steel) also vary from plant to plant, and country to country.
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