SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN THE ALLUVIAL STRETCHES OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI BASIN AND THE RHINE BASIN

摘要

Although the rivers Rhine and Mississippi cannot be compared as features of nature-the Mississippi River as a feature of nature is much bigger and more impressive than the Rhine—one can still observe striking similarities on flood management in bothriver basins, in particular in the alluvial flat reaches. But there are also some fundamental differences, not only technically but also institutionally. Since industrialization (around 1800), inland navigation became a major user on both river systems and later flood control started developing more fundamentally. Large intervention works were needed, mainly developed and based on trial and error. In both cases it has led to irreversible effects, which demand continuous attention. For the alluvial stretches in both river basins, a review is given on the most important developments in river engineering over the last two centuries. For both rivers, nautical management and flood control were held in one institutional hand at national/federal level, because both uses/ sectors need the creation and regular maintenance of one similar issue: a stable and deep main channel. But the way in which in particular flood management gradually developed institutionally, as an essential part of integrated water management in the alluvial flat lower reaches of both river systems, has diverged. Discussions on financing, priorities, public disclosure, multifunctional aspects, etc. have led in both basins to lengthy procedures and complicated policy making. This paper elaborates on the historic development of fundamentals in river engineering and river management in the alluvial plains of the Rhine Basin and the Lower Mississippi Basin, more in particular focusing on the development of flood protection dikes and on the stabilization of major channels.