BACKGROUND: Free-living energy intake in humans is notoriously difficult to measure but is required to properly assess outpatient weight-control interventions. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop a simple methodology that uses longitudinal body weight measurements to estimate changes in energy intake and its 95 CI in individual subjects. DESIGN: We showed how an energy balance equation with 2 parameters can be derived from any mathematical model of human metabolism. We solved the energy balance equation for changes in free-living energy intake as a function of body weight and its rate of change. We tested the predicted changes in energy intake by using weight-loss data from controlled inpatient feeding studies as well as simulated free-living data from a group of virtual study subjects day-to-day variations in energy intake. RESULTS: Our method accurately predicted individual energy intake changes with the use of weight-loss data from controlled inpatient feeding experiments. By applying the method to our simulated free-living virtual study subjects, we showed that daily weight measurements over periods >28 d were required to obtain accurate estimates of energy intake change with a 95 CI of <300 kcal/d. These estimates were relatively insensitive to initial body composition or physical activity level. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent measurements of body weight over extended time periods are required to precisely estimate changes in energy intake in free-living individuals. Such measurements are feasible, relatively inexpensive, and can be used to estimate diet adherence during clinical weight-management programs.
展开▼
