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Intelligent reversible watermarking and authentication: Hiding depth map information for 3D cameras

机译:智能可逆水印和身份验证:隐藏3D相机的深度图信息

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摘要

In this paper, we propose an application for 3D cameras by reversibly hiding the depth map in the corresponding 2D images. The proposed technique is prospective in cameras capable of capturing simultaneously the 2D image and resultant depth map of an object. 3D cameras equipped with self-embedding capability can serve two additional purposes, protection of the captured image and secure transmission of its depth map. The reversible watermarking, in addition to other features, guarantees the lossless recovery of an original image and separation of its depth map when required. For this purpose, a reversible watermarking scheme, based on genetic algorithm (GA), has been proposed which computes suitable threshold for each block of coefficients in the wavelet domain. Thus, a tradeoff is made between watermark imperceptibility and capacity using GA. The threshold map is embedded in addition to the actual payload and thus the proposed approach does not require histogram pre-processing in order to avoid overflow/underflow. The same threshold map has been used for authentication purpose by correlating it with the low-frequency coefficients of the 2D transformed image. Further to exploit the inherent redundancy in the depth map, which is the actual payload in this case, lossless compression has been employed before its embedding. Similarly, besides secret key-based permutation, a cryptographic layer is overlaid on the watermarking layer for security purposes. Experiments conducted on images and depth maps, obtained using a 3D camera and an optical microscopic system, validate the proposed concept.
机译:在本文中,我们通过将深度图可逆地隐藏在相应的2D图像中,提出了3D相机的应用程序。所提出的技术在能够同时捕获物体的2D图像和所得深度图的相机中具有前景。配备有自动嵌入功能的3D摄像机可以满足两个附加目的:保护捕获的图像和安全地传输其深度图。除其他功能外,可逆水印还可确保原始图像的无损恢复并在需要时分离其深度图。为此,已经提出了基于遗传算法(GA)的可逆水印方案,该方案为小波域中的每个系数块计算合适的阈值。因此,使用GA在水印不可感知性和容量之间进行权衡。除了实际的有效负载外,还嵌入了阈值图,因此,所提出的方法不需要进行直方图预处理,从而避免了上溢/下溢。通过将同一阈值图与2D变换图像的低频系数相关联,已将其用于身份验证。为了进一步利用深度图中的固有冗余(在这种情况下为实际有效载荷),在嵌入之前已采用了无损压缩。类似地,除了基于秘密密钥的置换之外,出于安全目的,在水印层上覆盖了密码层。使用3D相机和光学显微镜系统对图像和深度图进行的实验验证了所提出的概念。

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