The past decade has seen the successful application of genetic techniques to the dissection of the most important phenotypes of cancer cells. In the case of drug resistance, the elucidation of the genes involved in resistance to anti-cancer drugs has led to new and unexpected information about tumor physiology and may well open therapeutic options by virtue of reversing clinical drug resistance. For the time being, data on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are mainly preclinical, but quite compelling, and warrant careful evaluation in ongoing clinical studies.
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