Staging of cancer of the pancreas

摘要

Staging of cancer of the pancreas is relatively reliable when based on pathological material obtained from operative specimens or at autopsy. At operation, the assessment of disease stage, and therefore of operability, is more difficulty—particularly in relation to the extent of lymph node involvement and liver metastases. Preoperative staging, which, clinically, is the most essential, is difficult and unsatisfactory at the present tim