This paper is concerned with types of evidentials and modals, their interactions and perspective shiftability in evidentials, epistemic modals, and psychological (experiencer) predicates in Korean and English (and in Japanese where relevant). The evidence acquisition time denoted by -te is prior to the speech time. The marker -te can be either direct or inferential with null tense, and inferential if result-based with PAST-marking. Shiftability may be universal, as McCready (2010) claims, and how and why will be addressed. Expressions of sensory, evidential and epistemological meanings require perspective shift to the hearer=speaker-to-be in questions, but expressions of indexical nature including honorifics typically do not show shiftability {i.e. monsters are rare). Conjectural questions are typically self-addressed by the speaker.
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机译：本文关注的是证据和情态的类型，它们在韩语和英语（以及相关的日语）中的证据、认识情态和心理（经验者）谓词中的相互作用和视角转换能力。-te 表示的证据获取时间早于语音时间。标记 -te 可以是直接的，也可以是带有 null 时态的推论，如果基于结果且带有 PAST 标记，则可以是推论的。正如McCready（2010）所声称的那样，可转移性可能是普遍的，以及如何以及为什么会得到解决。感官、证据和认识论意义的表达需要将视角转移到听者=问题中的说话者，但包括敬语在内的索引性质的表达通常不会显示出可转移性{即怪物很少见）。猜想问题通常由演讲者自我解决。
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