Measurement systems using video cameras and image processing have matured to the point where they can guide surgeons. This article is mainly about VISLAN (VISible LANdmarks), a particularly challenging application of computer vision to support neurosurgery-but there are several examples of similar techniques being applied in more routine situations. Some of these examples are discussed. VISLAN involves navigating surgical instruments inside the skull. The potential benefits are substantial in VISLAN's medical application. The risks of surgery will be reduced by enabling plans to be followed more accurately Alternatively, the ability to follow detailed plans can allow the surgeon to undertake more complex procedures than would otherwise be contemplated. There are also benefits in lower costs, because additional preoperative scans for surgical planning may be avoided and the length of operations may be shortened reducing the risk of surgery.
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