Public Domain, English and Japanese Scales for Measuring Self-Esteem, Anxiety, Depression, Understanding, Warmth, Altruism, Creativity, and Intellectuality: Validity and Reliability for use with Male and Female Adults in Japan and the United States

摘要

The present paper reports on the bilingual development of scales for assessing eight psychological constructs and personality traits. The constructs include: self-esteem, anxiety, depression, understanding, warmth, altruism, creativity, and intellectuality. The analyses employed two national samples of adults, one from Japan and one from the United States. Seven- to ten-item scales for the eight constructs were developed starting from ten- or eleven-item scales composed of International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) items that prior research had found to be valid and/or reliable in English. A process of elimination was used to retain the best items for valid and reliable use with male and female adults, of both countries, together or in combination. Findings regarding validity and reliability of the scales are provided. Future work may include developing versions in additional languages and reducing the size of each scale to six or seven items, while maintaining high reliability and validity across populations.