Ion Transport Kinetics in Low-Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries

摘要

The deployment of rechargeable batteries is crucial for the operation ofadvanced portable electronics and electric vehicles under harsh environment.However, commercial lithium-ion batteries using ethylene carbonateelectrolytes suffer from severe loss in cell energy density at extremely lowtemperature. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs), which use Li metal as anoderather than graphite, are expected to push the baseline energy densityof low-temperature devices at the cell level. Albeit promising, the kineticlimitations of standard cell chemistries under subzero operation conditioninevitably hamper the cyclability of LMBs, resulting in a severe decline inplating/stripping reversibility and short-circuit hazards due to the dendriticgrowth. Such performance degradation becomes more pronounced withdecreasing temperature, ascribing to sluggish ion transport kinetics duringcharging/discharging processes which includes Li~+ solvation/desolvation,ion transport through bulk electrolyte, as well as ion diffusion within solidelectrolyte interphase and bulk electrode materials at low temperature. Inthis review, the critical limiting factors and challenges for low-temperatureion transport behaviors are systematically reviewed and discussed. Thestrategies to enhance Li~+ transport kinetics in electrolytes, electrodes, andelectrolyte/electrode interface are comprehensively summarized. Finally,perspective on future research direction of low-temperature LMBs towardpractical applications is proposed.