Assessing the impacts of ageing and natural resource extraction on carbon emissions: a proposed policy framework for European economies

摘要

This study recommends a policy framework for exploring the effect of natural resource extraction and age dependence on carbon emissions in top five European countries (EU-5) for the period of 1990-2017. By applying the second generation panel modeling approach, the empirical results indicate that the associations of carbon emissions with natural resource extraction, globalization index,andeconomicgrowthandageingpopulation follow an inverted U-shaped relationship, in keeping with the framework of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Based on the findings of the study, a multipronged Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework has been designed, and through this framework, SDG 7, SDG 13, and thereafter SDG 8 have been evaluated.While these three SDGs are the central focus of the study, the SDG framework has also suggested a way to evaluate several tangential SDGs.