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Effects of size and migratory behavior on the evolution of wing molt in terns (Sternae): A phylogenetic-comparative study

机译:大小和迁徙行为对燕鸥(Sternae)翅蜕进化的影响:系统发育比较研究

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Approximately 60% of the 45 species of terns (Sternae) have an unusual form of wing molt in which a variable number of inner primaries and outer secondaries are replaced two or three times in a single year-a process that has been called "repeated molt." Although several hypotheses have been proposed for the maintenance of repeated molt, few data exist regarding potential selective forces that may have favored the evolution of this molt strategy, and there are no explanations for the high degree of interspecific variation in the extent of repeated molt. Preliminary investigations indicated that large terns tended to have less repeated molt than small terns and that the presence of repeated molt appeared to be associated with migratory behavior. We examined these initial findings by combining data from the literature, from examinations of museum specimens, and from a recent molecular phylogeny of the terns to perform phylogenetic-comparative tests. First, we used independent contrasts to verify that the association between large terns and less repeated molt was significant and not a result of shared ancestry. Second, we used tests for binary character association to evaluate the apparent link between repeated molt and migratory behavior. The results of these tests, along with reconstructions of ancestral states, led to a potential explanation for the origin of repeated molt, in which a tropical, sedentary ancestor gave rise to several lineages that spread to temperate areas and adopted a migratory life history. With this shift to a more seasonal regime came shortened breeding periods and perhaps more time for molt, which could have led to modifications of the ancestral molting strategy and the origin of repeated molt.
机译:45种燕鸥(Sternae)中约有60%具有不寻常的翅蜕形式,其中一年内可变数量的内部初生和外部次生被替换两次或三次,这一过程被称为“重复蜕皮” 。”尽管已经提出了多种假设来维持重复蜕皮,但是关于潜在选择力的数据却很少,这可能有利于这种蜕皮策略的发展,并且没有关于重复蜕皮程度的高度种间差异的解释。初步研究表明,大燕鸥的重复蜕皮趋势往往比小燕鸥少,而且重复蜕皮的出现似乎与迁徙行为有关。我们通过结合来自文献,博物馆标本的检查以及最近进行的燕鸥的分子系统发育研究来进行系统发育比较测试,从而研究了这些初步发现。首先,我们使用独立的对比来验证大燕鸥和较少重复蜕皮之间的关联是重要的,而不是共同血统的结果。其次,我们使用二进制字符关联测试来评估重复蜕皮和迁徙行为之间的明显联系。这些测试的结果,以及对祖先状态的重建,为反复蜕皮的起源提供了一种可能的解释,其中热带久坐的祖先产生了多个传承,传承到温带地区并采用了迁徙的生活史。随着这种转向更季节性的制度的出现,缩短了繁殖期,也许换了更多的蜕皮时间,这可能导致祖先蜕皮策略的改变和重复蜕皮的起源。

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