It is widely believed that the demands of living in large, complexly bonded social groups played a key role in the evolution of human cognition. This review focuses on a critical but understudied skillset in the social-living toolkit: the ability to acquire, maintain, and use knowledge of the interpersonal relationships among the people around oneself. We provide a multidisciplinary synthesis of a diverse set of relevant findings, including recent work on the neural encoding and cognitive and behavioral consequences of knowledge of real-world social networks, research on how third-party relationship knowledge is tracked and used by children and other highly social primates, and research examining how people's knowledge of their social networks can be leveraged to inform the design of interventions aiming to promote behavior change or to efficiently spread information. We also highlight important unanswered questions and avenues in need of further exploration.
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