All areas of engineering have a need to find appropriate aggregated outcomes for systems. Issues range from decision problems, "divide-and-conquer" approaches that include aspects of multidisciplinary design optimization and the effects of a division of labor for, perhaps, a design project, the inefficiencies that can accompany multidisciplinary projects involving, say, design, manufacturing, and sales, to the complexities of multiscale design, analysis, and even nanotechnology. But as shown, if the adopted approach (e.g., management choices, divide-and-conquer methodology, modeling of the biology/physics, decision rule, etc.) satisfies particular accepted practices, then certain complexities and inefficiencies must be anticipated. A disturbing corollary is that even should "success" appear to have been achieved with an approach that satisfies these conditions, it need not be as firm as expected. Ways to improve methodologies must avoid the specified conditions.
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