Despite the continued calls for a low-carbon future and net-zero emission targets,the U.S.continues to rely on pipelines for the safe and clean transport of crude,petroleum and natural gas from wellheads to gathering and processing facilities and then to refineries and tanker loading facilities.In 2021,more than 9,000 miles of oil and gas pipelines were being built or expanded in the U.S.,and another 12,500 miles were approved or announced.The infrastructure is critical to national security because of the materials transported and their effect on energy,water and wastewater,chemical and transportation systems.Although safer than transportation by road,rail or barge,pipelines are not without fault.In 2018,the Transportation and Security Administration(TSA)reported that it expects pipeline companies to report approximately 32 security incidents annually-both physical and cyber.
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