The war in Ukraine has thrust the issue of autonomy and artificial intelligence (Al) literally to the frontline, with both belligerents aiming for, and actually utilising various degrees of Al and autonomous operations. At the time this chapter was written (spring 2023) the Russian military has displayed a limited range of ground weapons and systems considered 'autonomous'. Likewise, Russia's supposed application of Al for the military has been either very limited, or not utilised on the scale of their Ukrainian opponents, owning to a number of economic, industrial and military factors.
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