THE VESTIBULO-OCULAR AND THE VESTIBULOSPINAL REFLEXES: NORADRENERGIC INFLUENCES ON THE PLASTIC CHANGES WHICH AFFECT THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX DURING VESTIBULAR ADAPTATION

摘要

Section 1. Inhibitory influence of cerebellar Purkinje (P-) cells on their target neurons. Section 2. Inhibitory influence of the cerebellar anterior vermis on posture. Section 3. Inhibitory influences of the cerebellar cortex on: a) the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and b) the vestibulospinal reflex (VSR). Section A. Adaptation of the VOR during combined visuo-vestibular stimulation and effects of flocculectomy. Section 5. Flocculus versus brainstem hypothesis of motor learning in the VOR adaptation. Section 6. Adaptation of the VSR during combined somatosensory and vestibular stimulation. Section 7. Long-term depression (LTD) contributing to adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Section 8. Expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in cerebellar P-cells during LTD. Section 9. Role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) system in plasticity changes which affect the cerebellar cortex during adaptation of the vestibular reflexes. Section 10. Responses of noradrenergic LC neurons to labyrinth and other sensory stimulations. Section 11. Noradrenergic signals from the LC induce the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in their target structures. Section 12. Evidence that the genes expressed by norepinephrine (NE) in forebrain structures are involved in various forms of neural plasticity. Section 13. Responses of noradrenergic LC neurons to gravity changes during the space flight. Section 14. Possible role of the efferent vestibular (EVe) nucleus in vestibular adaptation during the space flight. Section 15. Effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) on gene expression in the LC and related structures.