Mitigation of PFAS in U.S. Public Water Systems: Future steps for ensuring safer drinking water

摘要

Abstract The circulation and usage of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and PFAS‐derived products, such as Teflon and aqueous film‐forming foam (AFFF), have led to PFAS being found in organisms worldwide. PFAS are emerging chemical contaminants that are toxic and take a long time to break down in the environment. PFAS can cause adverse health effects, including kidney cancer, testicular cancer, and ulcerative colitis. Studies have shown a widespread presence of PFAS in public water systems and people across the United States. The main pollution sources that contribute to PFAS in water are the chemical manufacturing industry, AFFF runoff, and landfills. With the health issues associated, and the occurrence in water systems, action should be taken to reduce PFAS in drinking water. Despite the adverse health effects associated with PFAS, the Environmental Protection Agency has not yet set enforceable limits for the chemicals in drinking water. Future actions should tackle two areas: (1) reducing the contamination at the pollution source and (2) improving the quality of PFAS contaminated drinking water. Five recommendations are suggested for key stakeholders. Contamination can be reduced by setting stricter industrial controls for waste streams, phasing out AFFF usage, and banning the majority of PFAS. Drinking water quality can be improved through setting state‐enforced maximum contaminant levels and equipping water treatment plants with adequate PFAS removal technologies. Application of these recommendations could help reduce the presence of PFAS in drinking water and ensure safer drinking water for communities across the United States.