Empirical Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Pl?tz Patrick; Funke Simon árpád; Jochem Patrick

摘要

Summary > Plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine electric and conventional propulsion. Official fuel consumption values of PHEVs are based on standardized driving cycles, which show a growing discrepancy with real‐world fuel consumption. However, no comprehensive empirical results on PHEV fuel consumption are available, and the discrepancy between driving cycle and empirical fuel consumption has been conjectured to be large for PHEV. Here, we analyze real‐world fuel consumption data from 2,005 individual PHEVs of five PHEV models and observe large variations in individual fuel consumption with deviation from test‐cycle values in the range of 2% to 120% for PHEV model averages. Deviations are larger for short‐ranged PHEVs. Among others, range and vehicle power are influencing factors for PHEV model fuel consumption with average direct carbon dioxide (CO <sub>2</sub> ) emissions decreasing by 2% to 3% per additional kilometer (km) of electric range. Additional simulations show that PHEVs recharged from renewable electricity can noteworthily reduce well‐to‐wheel CO <sub>2</sub> emissions of passenger cars, but electric ranges should not exceed 200 to 300 km since battery production is CO <sub>2</sub> ‐intense. Our findings indicate that regulations should (1) be based on real‐world fuel consumption measurements for PHEV, (2) take into account charging behavior and annual mileages, and (3) incentivize long‐ranged PHEV. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><abstract xmlns=”http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley“type=“main”xml:lang=“en”> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-34816/'>《Journal of Industrial Ecology》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2018年第4期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共12页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Pl?tz Patrick&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Pl?tz Patrick;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Funke Simon árpád&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Funke Simon árpád;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Jochem Patrick&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Jochem Patrick;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISIKarlsruhe Germany;</p> <p>Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISIKarlsruhe Germany;</p> <p>Institute for Industrial Production (IIP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Karlsruhe Germany;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/21.html" title="环境科学、安全科学">环境科学、安全科学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=CO 2 emissions&option=203" rel="nofollow">CO 2 emissions;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=electric vehicles&option=203" rel="nofollow">electric vehicles;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=empirical fuel consumption&option=203" rel="nofollow">empirical fuel consumption;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=fuel efficiency&option=203" rel="nofollow">fuel efficiency;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle&option=203" rel="nofollow">plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=transportation and environment&option=203" rel="nofollow">transportation and environment;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：None; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon" id="literaturereference" style="display:none"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent111">引文网络</h3> <div class="referencetab clearfix"> <ul id="referencedaohang"> <li dataid="referenceul">参考文献</li> <li dataid="citationul">引证文献</li> <li dataid="commonreferenceul">共引文献</li> <li dataid="commoncitationul">同被引文献</li> <li dataid="tworeferenceul">二级参考文献</li> <li dataid="twocitationul">二级引证文献</li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference_details" id="referenceList"> <ul id="referenceul"></ul> <ul id="citationul"></ul> <ul id="commonreferenceul"></ul> <ul id="commoncitationul"></ul> <ul id="tworeferenceul"></ul> <ul id="twocitationul"></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-cn_journal-chongqing-university-english-edition_thesis/0201234900679.html">Multi-objective comprehensive optimization of fuel consumption and emission for hybrid electric vehicles </a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=WEI Han-bing&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">WEI Han-bing,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=LIU Xiao-fei&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">LIU Xiao-fei,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=HE Yi-tuan&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">HE Yi-tuan,</a> <a href="/journal-foreign-3892/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">重庆大学学报（英文版） .</a> <span>2014</span><span>,第004期</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-cn_frontier-mechanical-engineering-english_thesis/0201229194555.html">Real-time immune-inspired optimum state-of-charge trajectory estimation using upcoming route information preview and neural networks for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles fuel economy</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Ahmad MOZAFFARI&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Ahmad MOZAFFARI,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Mahyar VAJEDI&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Mahyar VAJEDI,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Nasser L. 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Jochem,</a> <span>-1</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：插电式混合动力汽车的CO2减排潜力大于预期</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>11. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/open-access_resources_thesis/0100077613161.html ">Empirical fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles</a> <b>[O] </b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Plötz, Patrick&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Plötz, Patrick,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Funke, Simon&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Funke, Simon,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Jochem, Patrick&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Jochem, Patrick </a> <span>2017</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：插电式混合动力汽车的实际油耗和二氧化碳排放量</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>12. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/ntis-science-report_de_thesis/02071746563.html">Testing hybrid electric vehicle emissions and fuel economy at the 1994 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Challenge</a> <b>[R] </b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Duoba, M. &option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Duoba, M. ,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Quong, S. &option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Quong, S. ,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=LeBlanc, N. &option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">LeBlanc, N. ,</a> <span>1995</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：在1994年混合动力汽车挑战赛中测试混合动力汽车的排放和燃油经济性</span> </p> </li> </ul> <ul style="display: none;"> <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-cn_academic-abstracts-china-colleges-universities-mechanical-engineering_thesis/0201232437716.html">Real-time immune-inspired optimum state-of-charge trajectory estimation using upcoming route information preview and neural networks for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles fuel economy</a> <b>[J]</b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Ahmad MOZAFFARI&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . Ahmad MOZAFFARI</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Mahyar VAJEDI&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">,Mahyar VAJEDI</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Nasser L.AZAD&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">,Nasser L.AZAD</a> <span> <a href="/journal-cn-8555/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor"> . 中国高等学校学术文摘·机械工程 </a> </span> <span> . 2015</span><span>,第002期</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-conference-cn_meeting-59529_thesis/020222573106.html">VT-Meso Model for Estimating Hot Stabilized Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emission Rates</a> <b>[C]</b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Huanyu Yue&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . Huanyu Yue</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Hesham Rakha&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">,Hesham Rakha</a> <span> <a href="/conference-cn-59529/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor"> . 第五届交通运输领域国际学术会议 </a> <span> <span> . 2005</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>3. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-degree-domestic_mphd_thesis/020312151735.html">Intelligent Power Management and Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Driven by Electric Variable Transmission Based on Permanent Magnet Electric Machines</a> <b>[A] </b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Abdel salam Ahmed&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . Abdel salam Ahmed</a> <span> . 2012</span> </span> </div> </li> </ul> <ul style="display: none;"> <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130427863700.html">A DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE REDUCED CO2 EMISSION FROM AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE AS AGAINST THE CO2 EMISSION FROM AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE AS AGAINST THE CO2 EMISSION FROM A STANDARD PETROL VEHICLE</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  IN2008CH02239A </span> <span> . 2010-03-19</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：确定电动汽车减少的CO2排放量与标准汽油的CO2排放量减少量的装置 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130419137390.html">Method for operating hybrid vehicle e.g. motor car, involves enhancing reduced fuel consumption and reduced emission operation of first drive source upon change of torque demand of hybrid drive</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  DE102012205142A1 </span> <span> . 2013-10-02</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：用于操作混合动力车辆的方法，例如汽车，涉及在混合动力驱动的扭矩需求发生变化时，减少燃油消耗并减少第一驱动源的排放操作 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>3. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130401219494.html">Method for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emission in motor vehicles and an assembly for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emission in motor vehicles</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  PL427065A1 </span> <span> . 2020-03-23</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：减少机动车辆的燃料消耗和废气排放的方法以及一种减少机动车辆的燃料消耗和废气排放的组件 </span> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="theme cardcommon" style="overflow: auto;display:none"> <h3 class="all_title" 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