European beech, silver fir, and Norway spruce differ in establishment, height growth, and mortality rates on coarse woody debris and forest floor-a study from a mixed beech forest in the Western Carpathians

摘要

Key message In mixed forests, coarse woody debris promotes the successful establishment and growth of conifers and beech. In contrast to beech and fir, older spruce seedlings were only present on coarse woody debris and not on the forest floor.