Inclusive study for segregation of two commonly used anticancer drugs with tramadol: Applying a green fluorimetric strategy to pharmaceutical dosage forms and human plasma

摘要

Chronic pain is extremely prevalent among patients with cancer. From the clinical experience, usually, an adjuvant analgesic such as tramadol HCl (TRAM) is given concurrently with anticancer drugs for relieving pain. Recently, the world pays attention to green chemistry concept in a trial to decrease the harmful impact of chemicals on our environment. Hence, attempts were performed to find out simple eco-friendly green methods for the simultaneous determination of anticancer agents and analgesics. In this study, two facile green, sensitive spectrofluorimetric approaches were conducted for the estimation of tramadol HCl (TRAM) with axitinib (AXI) or with doxorubicin HCl (DOX). The intrinsic fluorescence of TRAM and AXI was scanned in ethanol in the first approach. The investigation revealed that TRAM could be determined at 297 nm after excitation at 272 nm, while AXI has emission maxima at 401 nm and excitation maxima at 335 nm. In the second approach, aqueous solution/acetate buffer (pH 4.5) was selected as the most convenient solvent for the simultaneous estimation of TRAM and DOX. Intense native fluorescence was recognized for DOX at 592 nm after excitation at 495 nm in addition to determination of TRAM at the previously mentioned wavelength in the first approach. The study outcomes verified that the inherent nature of the solvent has a significant influence on the sensitivity, reproducibility, and quantitation of the method. A good linear correlation was attained between the relative fluorescence and the concentration in the ranges of 0.02-0.4 mu g/mL for both TRAM and AXI (the first approach), 0.02-0.24 mu g/mL for TRAM and 0.1-1.2 mu g/mL for DOX (the second approach). Different dosage forms of the studied drugs were simply analyzed, and good recoveries were attained within the range. Moreover, the proposed approaches were successfully extended for concurrent estimation of the studied drugs in spiked human plasma after simple protein precipitation. According to ICH guidelines, the approaches were assessed regarding linearity, accuracy, and precision. The proposed approaches greenness was confirmed via applying the National Environmental Methods Index, analytical eco-scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index.