Lidocaine: the origin of a modern local anesthetic. 1949.

摘要

Before the introduction of lidocaine, the choice of local anesthetics was limited. Procainc was most commonly used and offered less toxicity than cocaine, but it had a short duration of action. Tetracaine had substantial systemic toxicity, limiting its use largely to spinal anesthesia. An agent with low toxicity, a quick onset, and a longer duration of action was needed. This article reports the initial clinical trials with the newly synthesized lidocaine. The first trials were wheal tests on the forearms of human volunteers.