Immatures of Rophitine bees, with notes on their nesting biology (Hymenoptera : Apoidea : Halictidae)

摘要

This study is a taxonomic overview of the known mature larvae and pupae of the Rophitinae (Halictidae). We either describe and illustrate the mature or nearly mature larvae of the following taxa or provide references to their earlier descriptions: Dufourea holocyanea (Cockerell), D. australis australis Michener, D. mulleri (Cockerell), D. novaeangliae (Robertson), Sphecodosoma (Sphecodosoma) dicksoni (Timberlake), Protodufourea eickworti Bohart and Griswold, Xeralictus timberlakei Cockerell, Systropha planidens Giraud, Rophites (Rhophitoides) canus Eversmann, R. (Rophites) algirus trispinosus Perez, Conanthalictus (C) conanthi (Cockerefl), and C. (Phaceliapis) bakeri Crawford. We present a key to known mature rophitine larvae. We also describe pupae of the following taxa for the first time and compare them with the pupa of S. dicksoni: D. holocyanea, D. australis australis, and R. canus. The phylogenetic relations of the treated taxa are discussed in light of larval characters, and we discuss the pupal characteristics of the entire family. We offer notes on the nesting biology of various taxa whose immatures were treated and synthesize this information with previous accounts from the literature.