Effects of Thyroxine Exposure on the Twist 1 +/- Phenotype: A Test of Gene-Environment Interaction Modeling for Craniosynostosis

摘要

Background: Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, is estimated to occur in 1: 1800 to 2500 births. Genetic murine models of craniosynostosis exist, but often imperfectly model human patients. Case, cohort, and surveillance studies have identified excess thyroid hormone as an agent that can either cause or exacerbate human cases of craniosynostosis.