Healthcare is undergoing a transformation. We are seeing a shift from one-size-fits-all "blockbuster" drugs to more personalized treatments. The prospect of personalized medicines offers hope to many who do not benefit from current treatments. Yet, while personalized medicine is an exciting prospect, we face many challenges in delivering the changes that patients need. It is well appreciated that personalized medicine is dependent on a better understanding of disease at a patient level and there are many approaches being undertaken in order to do this (e.g. a systems approach [1]). However, if we are to take advantage of improvements in our understanding of disease, we need to reassess many of our R&D processes, as well as, the way in which compounds are manufactured and delivered. Currently, there are too many non-clinical assays that do not reflect what is happening within patients, making it impossible to translate between the bench and the bedside. This makes the R&D process very inefficient and increases costs massively.
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