Securing the health of disadvantaged women: a critical investigation of tobacco-control policy effects on women worldwide.

摘要

Tobacco, directly or indirectly, affects almost every aspect of the lives of disadvantaged women and girls. For example, in many low- and middle-income countries such as Cambodia, China, the Philippines, and Viet Nam, smoking is high among men and low among women. The diversion of income toward tobacco by male smokers in households contributes to malnutrition and secondhand smoke exposure among women and children. Tobacco accounts for 2.8% of the average household expenditures in poor countries like Bangladesh and 15% of total household expenditures among the lowest-income groups in Indonesia. Because of the high tobacco use rates among men, women in low-income countries are more likely to care for partners suffering from tobacco-related illnesses.