Effect of Cytokine Reduction and Immune Modulation from Germanium Oenanthe javanica Extracts in In Vitro/In Vivo

摘要

RAW 264.7 cells were used to test if the extracts of water dropwort {Oenanthe javanica), cultivated in either tap water (OJ) or water containing germanium (GO) affect the secretion of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Normal male ICR mice were administered OJ or GO extracts orally to evaluate the production of nitric oxide/pro-inflammatory cytokines and activities of natural killer (NK) cells in spleen and abdominal cavity. ICP-AES determined the germanium contents of the GO extracts with116.68 mg germanium being found in 1 kg of the GO extracts. The chemical compositions of the GO extracts were analyzed using LC-Q-orbitrap and chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, isorhamnetin were detected in the GO extracts.In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the levels of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines were decreased by treatments with the OJ and GO extracts, but the interferon-gamma (IFN-y) levels were increased. The nitric oxide levels were reduced by both OJ and GO extracts in the spleen of normal male ICR mice fed 400 mg/kg of OJ or GO extracts. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were also decreased by both OJ and GO extracts, but the IFN-y levels were increased. Both OJ and GO extracts elevated the additional NK cell activities in the spleen and abdominal cavity. Overall, these results provide evidence that GO extracts are better than OJ extracts in terms of inhibiting the inflammatory responses. Therefore, GO extracts may be used as novel and natural functional food source to produce anti-inflammatory foods.