Leaching of exhausted LNCM cathode batteries in ascorbic acid lixiviant: a green recycling approach, reaction kinetics and process mechanism

摘要

BACKGROUND Critical metals (lithium, cobalt and nickel) used in Li-ion batteries have been estimated to face a supply crunch by the end of 2020 due to their limited natural reserves and complex metallurgy. A green recycling approach to treat the exhausted batteries may potentially mitigate supply risks of metals and environmental burden of metal toxicity.