Refining the Conceptual Framework of Enhancement

摘要

Several drugs, like Ritalin, Adderall, and Modafinil, can be used to enhance motivation in individuals with or without disease. Since these drugs increase attention, memory, and a host of other executive functions, they have been employed by healthy individuals either in academic settings (Adderall, Ritalin) or in professions that demand wakefulness, like the military (Modafinil) (Morein-Zamir and Sahakian 2011). Several ethical issues arise with such usages. In his article, Torben Kj?rsgaard (2015) outlines several of the issues associated with the use of motivation enhancement drugs by healthy individuals.