'Acute reactions to urographic contrast medium: incidence, clinical characteristics, and relationship to history of hypersensitivity states'--a commentary.

摘要

Iodinated contrast media are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the history of modern medicine, with approximately80 million doses administered in 2003 worldwide corresponding to approximately 8 million liters . Because contrast media have no therapeutic effect, the ideal agents should provide optimal quality without substantial adverse effects. Before the advent of CT, excretory urography and angiography were the major indications for contrast media. In the pre-CT era, most radiologists were using 30-50 mL of high-osmolar contrast media with hand injection rates of less than 1 mL/s for urography. In contrast, the average contrast media dose for CT today is approximately 100-150 mL, with power injection rates in the neighborhood of 3-4 mL/s.