Polymer-Incarcerated Metals: Highly Reactive, Recoverable, and Multifunctional Nanocluster Catalysts for Organic Synthesis

摘要

Various metal(0) and bimetallic nanocluster catalysts have been efficiently immobilized on polystyrene-based polymers using a polymer-incarceration (PI) technique that is based on two procedures: microencapsulation and cross-linking. PI metal nanocluster catalysts have been successfully used for hydrogenation; some coupling reactions; aerobic oxidation of alcohols, hydroquinones, and amines; and direct oxidative esterifications and amidations. One-pot multistep reactions that are catalyzed by PI metal nanoclusters and that combine aerobic oxidation with carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond formation have been developed. Finally, PI metal nanocluster catalysts have also been applied to more efficient processes such as those taking place in microreactors and flow systems by slightly modifying conventional batch systems.