Chapter 4 Bioactive Compounds and Pharmaceutical Excipients Derived from Animals, Marine Organisms, Microorganisms, Minerals, Synthesized Compounds, and Pharmaceutical Drugs

摘要

Many bioactive compounds and pharmaceutical excipients are derived from animals, marine organisms, microorganisms, minerals, etc. Glandular products, liver extract, fish liver oils, musk, bees' wax, certain hormones, enzymes, antitoxins, etc., are drugs obtained from animal sources. With the advent of Genentech, insulin, drugs for hemophilia and anemia, protein-based cancer drug, etc., are produced in genetically engineered organisms. The potent medicinal usage of the bioactive compounds, viz., steroids, terpenoids, isoprenoid, and non-isoprenoid compounds, quinones, brominated compounds, nitrogen hetero-cyclics, nitrogen-sulfur heterocyclics, antibiotics, etc., have been discovered in recent years from marine poriferans, cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, vertebrates, seaweeds (marine macroalgae), seagrasses (submersed marine angiosperms), and microorganisms with therapeutic activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic properties. Bioactive compounds obtained from minerals include kaolin, calomel, iodine, iron, gold, sulfur, selenium, etc. Synthetic pharmaceutical drugs (bioactive compounds) of different categories including semisynthetic anticancer drug-Taxol, therapeutic peptides, and proteins-insulin and similar other protein products with the application of recombinant DNA technology and many other drugs are produced.