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A meta‐analytic review of tipping compensation practices: An agency theory perspective

机译：提示补偿规范的Meta分析审查：机构理论观点

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Abstract > Tipping represents a form of compensation valued at over $50 billion a year in the United States alone. Tipping can be used as an incentive mechanism to reduce a principal–agent problem. An agency problem occurs when the interests of a principal and agent are misaligned, and it is challenging for the principal to monitor or control the activities of the agent. However, past research has been limited in the investigation of the extent to which tipping is effective at addressing this problem. Following an examination of 74 independent studies with 12,271 individuals, meta‐analytic results indicate that there is a small, positive relation between service quality and percentage of a bill tipped ( <mat:math xmlns:mat="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" altimg="urn:x-wiley:00315826:media:peps12261:peps12261-math-0001" xmlns:wiley="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley/wiley" wiley:location="equation/peps12261-math-0001.png"> <mat:mover accent="true"> <mat:mover accent="true"> <mat:mi>ρ</mat:mi> <mat:mo>ˉ</mat:mo> </mat:mover> <mat:mo>?</mat:mo> </mat:mover> </mat:math> = .15 without outliers). Yet, in support of the idea behind tipping, relative weights analyses illustrate that service quality was a stronger predictor of percentage of the bill tipped than food quality, frequency of patronage, and dining party size. Evidence also suggests that racial minority servers tend to be tipped less than White servers (Cohen's d = .17), and women tend to be tipped more than men (Cohen's d = .15). Still, given the magnitude of the effect, one might question if tipping is an effective compensation practice to reduce the principal–agent problem. We discus </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><abstract xmlns =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”xml：lang =“en”> <title type =“main”>抽象</ title> > tipping代表单独在美国每年超过500亿美元的赔偿形式。倾斜可以用作促进委托代理问题的激励机制。当校长和代理人的利益未对准时，会出现原子务问题，并对本金挑战监督或控制代理人的活动。然而，过去的研究受到限制，在调查方面有效地解决了这个问题。在检查74名与12,271个个人的独立研究后，Meta-Analytic结果表明，服务质量与账单的百分比之间存在小，积极关系（<mat：math xmlns：mat =“http：//www.w3 .org / 1998 / math / mathml“display =”内联“Altimg =”URN：X-Wiley：00315826：Media：Peps12261：Peps12261-Math-0001“XMLNS：Wiley =”http://www.wiley.com/命名空间/ wiley / wiley“wiley：location =”equation / peps12261-math-0001.png“> <mat：mater rement =”true“> <mat：matercont =”true“> <mat：mi>ρ</ MI：MI> <MAT：MO>ˉ</ MAT：MO> </ MAT：MOVER> <MAT：MO>？</ MAT：MO> </ MAT：MOVER> </ MAT：MATH> = .15没有异常值）。然而，为了支持划船背后的想法，相对权重分析说明了服务质量是票据百分比的更强大的预测因子，而不是粮食质量，惠顾频率和餐饮派对规模。证据还表明，种族少数族裔服务器往往少于白色服务器（Cohen的 D </ i> = .17），女性往往比男性更倾向于男性（Cohen的 D </ i> = .15）。鉴于效果的幅度仍然可能会质疑提示是减少委托代理问题的有效补偿实践。我们讨犯了 </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-29061/'>《Personnel psychology》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2018年第3期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共22页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Banks George C.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Banks George C.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Woznyj Haley M.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Woznyj Haley M.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kepes Sven&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kepes Sven;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Batchelor John H.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Batchelor John H.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=McDaniel Michael A.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">McDaniel Michael A.;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>University of North Carolina at Charlotte;</p> <p>Longwood University;</p> <p>Virginia Commonwealth University;</p> <p>University of West Florida;</p> <p>Virginia Commonwealth University;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/385.html" title="个性心理学（人格心理学）">个性心理学（人格心理学）;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" 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Nyehn，Joyce Olenja，Leslie Swartz，Nora Groce Doi：10.19088 / 1968-2019.106 Abstract Pdfonline文章分层和链接研究合作伙伴关系：从您的世界研究中学习在埃塞俄比亚和尼泊尔Vicky Johnson，Anannia Admassu，安德鲁教堂的世界研究， JILL HEALELY，SUJETA MATHEMA DOI：10.19088 / 1968-2019.107抽象PDFONLINE文章在学术界政府伙伴关系中的基本挑战在冲突研究中埃塞俄比亚牧场的牧区牧场地区牧羊犬MULUGETA，宇瓦·塔利克（Ekal Nettir Doi：10.19088 / 1968-2019.108摘要PDFONLINE文章区域研究 - 健康股权和包容性发展的政策伙伴关系：关于南部非洲观点的机遇和挑战的思考</span> </p> </li> </ul> <ul style="display: none;"> <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-cn_architectural-design-management_thesis/0201210401509.html">规范审查机构提升设计质量--新《房屋建筑和市政基础设施工程施工图设计文件审查管理办法》解读</a> <b>[J]</b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . </a> <span> <a href="/journal-cn-9610/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor"> . 建筑设计管理 </a> </span> <span> . 2013</span><span>,第011期</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a 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