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A suboptimal array of options erodes the value of CAP ecological focus areas

机译:次优选项阵列侵蚀了盖章生态焦点区域的价值

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摘要

As a part of the greening of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy in 2013, Ecological Focus Areas (EFA) became mandatory for many European farmers, with the aim to enhance on-farm biodiversity. However, their effects on biodiversity have been disputed. In this interdisciplinary effort, we assessed the effects of current and alternative formulations of EFA regulations in Sweden. By complementing economic and ecological modelling with interviews with persons at administrative and advisory bodies and a narrative decision game with farmers, we were able to demonstrate key shortcomings of mandatory EFAs as a policy instrument. In particular, we evaluated if requirements to increase the quality of EFAs and regulations allowing their collective implementation, have the potential to increase their effectiveness in benefitting functional biodiversity. We focused on how biodiversity underpinning crop pollination and natural pest control would be affected by alternative regulations. First, we show that several of the possible EFA measures have no or minimal actual effect on biodiversity. Second, we demonstrate the need for appropriate incentives for farmers to choose and place agri-environmental measures in an environmentally desirable way. The EFA regulation is experienced as complicated and without any clear environmental benefits for the participants in this study. As a result, the confidence in the policy is undermined. Third, we demonstrate the challenge of devising compulsory measures to improve biodiversity that also need to fulfil demands on being flexible and easy to administrate. Our results indicate that the latter goal has taken precedence over the former, and thus providing an explanation of the poor design of the EFA regulation from a biodiversity perspective. We argue that to enhance biodiversity in farmland through general agri-environmental measures, only measures with clear benefits for biodiversity can be on the menu. Further, better information as well as incentives for optimizing EFA placement for biodiversity on farms are needed and combined with stricter rules on quality and placement where appropriate.
机译:作为2013年欧盟共同农业政策的绿化的一部分,生态重点领域(EFA)为许多欧洲农民而成为强制性,旨在加强农业生物多样性。然而,它们对生物多样性的影响已经有争议。在这种跨学科的努力中,我们评估了瑞典efa规定的当前和替代配方的影响。通过与行政和咨询机构的人员采访和与农民的叙述决策游戏进行补充,我们能够证明强制性EFA作为政策文书的关键缺点。特别是,我们评估了提高EFAS和法规允许其集体实施的质量的要求,有可能提高其效益效益的有效性。我们专注于生物多样性如何受到农作物授粉和自然害虫控制的影响将受到替代法规的影响。首先,我们表明,一些可能的EFA措施对生物多样性没有或最小的实际影响。其次,我们展示了对农民的适当激励措施,以环境所需的方式选择和放置农业环境措施。 EFA监管经历了复杂的,并且对本研究的参与者没有任何明确的环境效益。因此,对政策的信心受到破坏。第三,我们展示了制定强制措施改善生物多样性的挑战,这还需要满足对灵活性和易于管理的要求。我们的结果表明,后者的目标已优先于前者,从而解释了生物多样性视角的EFA规范的差。我们认为,通过一般的农业环境措施加强农田的生物多样性,只有明确的生物多样性福利的措施可以在菜单上。此外,需要更好的信息以及优化农场生物多样性的EFA安置的激励措施,并在适当的情况下与更严格的质量和安置规则相结合。

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