Extraction of a capped permanent 4th premolar ooth with fistulous tract on a standing sedated horse using minimally invasive intraalveolar dissection

摘要

Background: Extraction of teeth in standing, sedated horses with forceps are well described. In contrast to other methods of extraction like minimally invasive buccotomy, dental repulsion or Steinmann pin repulsion, surgical access through soft tissues or bone is not required for the oral dissection of equine Cheek teeth.