Bronze Age settlement mounds on the Colchian plain at the Black Sea coast of Georgia: A geoarchaeological perspective

Laermanns Hannes; Kirkitadze Giorgi; May Simon Matthias; Kelterbaum Daniel; Opitz Stephan; Heisterkamp Arne; Basilaia Giorgi; Elashvili Mikheil; Brückner Helmut

摘要

Abstract > Situated between the Enguri and Khobistskali rivers, more than 30 settlement mounds (locally named Dikhagudzuba ) provide evidence for a relatively densely populated landscape in the coastal lowlands of western Georgia during the Bronze Age. Compared to older mounds in eastern Georgia and other regions, these mounds differ not only in age but also in their average size and spatial distribution. Based on the interpretation of nine sediment cores, drone survey and structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry techniques, our study aims at (i) establishing a chronostratigraphic framework for the mounds based on 14 C dating; (ii) reconstructing possible phases and gaps in human occupation; (iii) determining potential source areas of the mounds’ construction material; and (iv) identifying the environmental conditions at the time of their use. The three investigated mounds are similar in dimension and stratigraphy. Anthropogenic layers could clearly be identified and separated from the natural alluvial deposits below. According to the 14 C age estimates, the mounds date to the first half of the 2nd millennium B.C.; this confirms the archaeological interpretation of their Bronze Age origin. While only one construction phase is assumed for two of the mounds, stratigraphic analysis suggests a successive enlargement of a third mound over at least 470 years. Paleoenvironmental conditions in the vicinity of the mounds were dominated by swampy, fluvial (channel) to alluvial (overbank) processes, as attested by river‐bank deposits and floodplain alluvium. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract XMLNS =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”xml：lang =“en”> <title type =“main”>抽象</ title> >位于之间Enguri和Khobistskali Rivers，超过30个沉降丘（当地名为 Dikhagudzuba </ i>）在青铜时代期间为西格鲁吉亚西部沿海低地的沿海低地人口稠密的景观提供了证据。与乔治亚州东部和其他地区的较旧的土墩相比，这些土墩不仅在年龄较小，而且在平均大小和空间分布中不同。基于九个沉积物核心的解释，无人机调查和结构 - 从运动摄影测量技术，我们的研究旨在（i）基于 14 </ sup> c dating建立丘的计时框架; （ii）重建人类职业中可能的阶段和差距; （iii）确定土墩施工材料的潜在源区; （iv）在使用时识别环境条件。三个调查的土墩在尺寸和地层中相似。可以清楚地鉴定出人体形成层和分离下面的天然胰腺沉积物。根据 14 </ sup> c年龄估计，土墩日期为2nd千年B.C的前半部分;这证实了他们的青铜年龄来源的考古解释。虽然仅针对两个土墩假设一个建筑阶段，但地层分析表明，在至少470年内连续增大第三次丘。古环境中的古环境条件是由沼泽，河流（渠道）的沼泽，河流（通道）的主要条件，如河岸存款和洪泛省洪水沉积物所证明的。 </ p> </ abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-23373/'>《Geoarchaeology》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2018年第4期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共17页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Laermanns Hannes&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Laermanns Hannes;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kirkitadze Giorgi&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kirkitadze Giorgi;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=May Simon Matthias&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">May Simon Matthias;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Kelterbaum Daniel&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kelterbaum Daniel;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Opitz Stephan&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Opitz Stephan;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Heisterkamp Arne&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Heisterkamp Arne;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Basilaia Giorgi&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Basilaia Giorgi;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Elashvili Mikheil&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Elashvili Mikheil;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Brückner Helmut&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Brückner Helmut;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneK?ln (Cologne) Germany;</p> <p>Ilia State UniversityTbilisi Georgia;</p> <p>Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneK?ln (Cologne) Germany;</p> <p>Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneK?ln (Cologne) Germany;</p> <p>Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneK?ln (Cologne) Germany;</p> <p>Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneK?ln (Cologne) Germany;</p> <p>Ilia State UniversityTbilisi Georgia;</p> <p>Ilia State UniversityTbilisi Georgia;</p> <p>Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneK?ln (Cologne) Germany;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/1238.html" title="历史地质学、地层学">历史地质学、地层学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Bronze Age&option=203" rel="nofollow">Bronze Age;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Colchis&option=203" rel="nofollow">Colchis;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Georgia&option=203" rel="nofollow">Georgia;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=multielement analysis&option=203" rel="nofollow">multielement analysis;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=settlement mound&option=203" rel="nofollow">settlement mound;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：青铜年龄;柯克西;格鲁吉亚;多元化分析;结算土墩; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704023377220.html">Bronze Age settlement mounds on the Colchian plain at the Black Sea coast of Georgia: A geoarchaeological perspective</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Laermanns Hannes&option=202" target="_blank" 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Also disclosed is a method for treatment, amelioration or pro¬phylaxis of a disease selected from the group consisting of phenylketonuria (PKU, F0lling's disease), hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), alcaptonuria (black urine disease), tyrosinemia, hypertyrosinemia, myasthenia gravis, histidinemia, urocanic aciduria, maple syrup urine disease (</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  IN2012CN02244A </span> <span> . 2012-11-02</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：（54）标题：改进了多特异性受体的纯化（57）摘要：公开了一种制备富含结合剂的受体（典型地分子印迹聚合物，MIP）的组合物的方法，其中所述受体各自特异性结合至少两个通过使一定数量的受体与该试剂进行亲和纯化的第一步，使该试剂上的多个离散位点结合，其中该试剂上的一个结合位点不可与该受体结合，然后使纯化的受体经受与该试剂进行亲和纯化的至少一个进一步的步骤，其中该试剂上的第二结合位点不可接近。还公开了一种用于治疗，改善或预防选自以下的疾病的方法：苯酮尿症（PKU，福林氏病），高苯丙氨酸血症（HPA），阿尔普通尿症（黑尿病），酪氨酸血症，高酪氨酸血症，重症肌无力，组织蛋白血症，尿尿酸尿症，枫糖浆尿病（ </span> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="theme cardcommon" style="overflow: 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