Ambroise Paré II: Paré's contributions to amputation and ligature.

摘要

Surgical amputations date back to Hippocrates and were for many years one of the main functions of the surgeon. Limb injuries were the most common anatomical injury encountered in conflict. Limbs were amputated most frequently because of war injuries or accidents. One of the major problems associated with amputation is the loss of blood. There are very few references to amputation as a treatment prior to the invention of gunpowder; however, the widespread introduction of firearms in conventional warfare throughout 16th century Europe changed the nature of battlefield injuries from penetrating stab wounds and blunt injuries of earlier centuries to extensive soft tissue damage and comminuted fractures, coupled with contamination from embedded missiles and clothing.